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Elanco Animal Health(NYSE: ELAN)
Q4 2023 Earnings Call
Feb 26, 2024, 8:00 a.m. ET
Contents:
- Prepared Remarks
- Questions and Answers
- Call Participants
Prepared Remarks:
Operator
Good morning. My name is Krista, and I'll be your conference operator today. At this time, I would like to welcome everyone to the Elanco Animal Health fourth quarter earnings conference call. All lines have been placed on mute to prevent any background noise.
After the speakers' remarks, there will be a question-and-answer session. [Operator instructions] I would now like to turn the conference over to Katy Grissom, head of investor relations. Katy, you may begin.
Katy Grissom -- Head of Investor Relations
Good morning. Thank you for joining us for Elanco Animal Health fourth quarter and full year 2023 earnings call. I'm Katy Grissom, head of investor relations. Joining me on today's call are Jeff Simmons, our president and chief executive officer; Todd Young, our chief financial officer; and Scott Purucker from investor relations.
The slides referenced during this call are available on the investor relations section of elanco.com. Today's discussion will include forward-looking statements. These statements are based on our current assumptions and expectations and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from our forecast. For more information, see the risk factors in today's earnings press release, as well as our latest Form 10-K and 10-Q filed with the SEC.
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We do not undertake any duty to update any forward-looking statements. Our remarks today will focus on our non-GAAP financial measures. Reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures are included in the appendix of today's slides and in the earnings press release. After our prepared remarks, we'll be happy to take your questions.
I'll now turn the call over to Jeff.
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Katy. Good morning, everyone. Today, Elanco reported fourth quarter and full year results for 2023. Our strong performance last year gives us confidence that our innovation, portfolio, and productivity strategy is working and that our actions and investments to launch our new innovations and optimize our core portfolio are paying off.
As we enter 2024, we are focused on advancing our strategy to deliver these three priorities: sustained revenue growth, innovation, and improved cash conversion. Starting on Slide 4 with revenue growth. In the fourth quarter, we delivered 5% constant currency revenue growth, in line with our performance in the third quarter. Fourth quarter growth was driven by innovation, strength across our farm animal business, improved conditions in the European pet health retail market, and increased price.
While we exceeded our sales expectations and demonstrated strong operating expense management for the quarter, adjusted EBITDA was adversely impacted by approximately $18 million of unexpected items, primarily related to the 54% devaluation of the Argentinian peso that occurred in December. Our fourth quarter sales growth drivers, along with the strength in our U.S. pet health retail business, led to a return to full year constant currency sales growth at 1%. Importantly, we expect growth to continue in 2024 at 1% to 3%, even before the potential upside of our late-stage pipeline.
On innovation, we made significant progress in 2023 with the approval and launch of our canine parvovirus monoclonal antibody, or CPMA; and AdTab, our new over-the-counter oral parasiticide in Europe, as well as the submissions to our three late-stage potential blockbuster products that have a path toward approval in the first half of 2024. We exceeded our expectations for innovation revenue in 2023, and our outlook for 2024 puts us on track to deliver our expected 600 million to 700 million of contribution by 2025. We continue to prioritize free cash flow improvements, paying down debt, and reducing leverage, and exceeded our debt paydown expectations from our November guidance. In 2024, we expect cash available for debt paydown to be approximately $300 million, four times that of 2023.
Earlier this month, we announced the sale of our aqua business to Merck Animal Health, allowing us to prioritize our investments going forward in larger markets with greater earnings potential and meaningfully improve our leverage profile. We expect net debt to adjusted EBITDA to be in the mid-four times range by the end of this year and the high three times to low four times range by the end of 2025. Importantly, we are making disciplined decisions and taking actions to reallocate capital within our operations and invest for the future. Today, we announced a strategic restructuring that will allow us to do three things.
First, shift resources from farm animal to pet health across the international business as we drive adoption of innovation products and prepare to globalize our late-stage pipeline. It also allows us to capitalize on efficiencies resulting from the completion of our ERP system integration and concentrate roles into strategic locations. And lastly, it allows us to transition our business model to distribution or other third-party models in certain markets, notably Argentina. The restructuring will impact approximately 420 personnel, or about 4% of the global workforce, and is expected to deliver net savings of 20 million to 25 million in 2024, annualizing to 30 million to 35 million of savings in 2025 and beyond.
The savings will be reinvested in areas with more significant value-creation opportunity, specifically in pet health globally and livestock sustainability. While we expect a limited amount of top-line headwind from the shift to distribution markets, we do not expect our restructuring efforts to have a meaningful downside to sales otherwise, notably in international farm animal markets where we expect to realize savings. We have a strong track record of delivering productivity, and we'll continue to look for additional opportunities to more efficiently allocate capital. I credit our senior leadership with these proactive actions that we believe will set Elanco up to deliver our next era of growth.
Moving to Slide 5. Our full year constant currency revenue growth of 1% was led by farm animal, but we saw marked improvement in our pet health business as well. Starting in farm animal. Four percent constant currency revenue growth for the full year for farm animal represented accelerated growth rates for poultry, cattle, and swine compared to 2022.
The team executed across the business, but especially in places where we have strong market positions, notably international poultry and U.S. cattle. International farm animal, the largest revenue contributor of our four quadrants, delivered 4% constant currency revenue growth, primarily driven by increased price and strengthened poultry, a result of robust underlying demand and share growth in key markets like the U.K., Brazil, and China. Our U.S.
farm animal business also delivered 4% growth for 2023, driven by increased price and strength in cattle and swine, with poultry improving in the fourth quarter. Experior delivered $80 million in the fourth quarter, above the expected annualized run rate of $70 million that we shared in November. We remain encouraged by Experior's progress and expect continued growth for the product globally in 2024. Moving to pet health.
Global revenue declined 1% in constant currency, representing an encouraging improvement from the 5% constant currency decline in 2022. For the U.S. pet health business, revenue declined 1%, a significant improvement from the 9% decline in 2022. Enhancements in share of voice, physical availability, innovation contribution, and increased price were more than offset by competitive pressure in the vet clinic market.
Our OTC parasiticide business had a strong year in 2023, growing net sales 11% in retail channels as our top six retailers grew dispensing sales in both units and dollars. In the vet clinic, we're encouraged by the growth of Credelio and new products like CPMA, Zorbium, and Bexacat. As we look toward 2024, we are investing in an expanded sales force and implementing enhanced incentives to drive growth ahead of our anticipated new innovation launches in the vet clinic this year. Finally, in international pet health, the 1% constant currency revenue decline was primarily driven by demand pressure in the Spain retail market in the first half of the year, which more than offset the encouraging growth from the Credelio family and AdTab in Europe.
The Spain situation improved in the second half of the year, and we expect that market to recover in the first half of 2024. Moving to Slide 6, I'll cover our execution highlights across our innovation portfolio and productivity strategy for 2023. Starting with productivity. Improving cash conversion continues to be a key priority across the organization.
We continue to drive cross-functional efforts to improve net working capital, specifically on balance sheet inventory management, which gradually improved in the second half of the year, with inventory being a source of cash in the fourth quarter. For the full year, we paid down $76 million of gross debt and finished with a year-end leverage at 5.6 times, slightly better than the midpoint of our November guidance. Finally, earlier this year, we achieved a significant milestone of completing our ERP system integration, which will free up over $100 million of free cash flow for debt paydown in 2024. Moving now to portfolio.
Price growth was 4% for the year, up from our previous average of 2%, with 4% in both pet health and farm animal. The core portfolio continues to stabilize, driven by stronger commercial capabilities, global omnichannel approach, and the complement of new innovation. We continue to invest in our highest value-creation opportunities across commercial, R&D, and manufacturing. Now, on innovation where we had a very productive year of submissions, new product approvals in major markets, and advancement of our early stage pipeline.
End-market innovation contributed $275 million of revenue in 2023, representing 3 percentage points of growth for Elanco and more than doubling the contribution from 2022. Growth was led by Experior NutriQuest on the farm animal side and Credelio Plus, Credelio Cat, AdTab, and CPMA on the pet health side, with life cycle management and geo expansions also contributing across both. CMPA finished in line with our expectations in 2023 with sales of $6 million. Expanded supply capacity and increased marketing efforts aimed at both veterinarians and pet owners are expected to make this product a key contributor to growth in 2024.
On the late-stage pipeline, our three differentiated assets, Credelio Quattro, Zenrelia, and Bovaer, are all progressing with the FDA. As we shared previously, the regulatory process is rolling and iterative at this stage, and we are in ongoing productive dialogue with the FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine. These three potential blockbusters continue to have a path toward U.S. approval in the first half of 2024.
While we are focused on the U.S. market first for these products, we are pleased to share, we have also completed submissions for Zenrelia in nine additional markets, including the EU, U.K., and Australia. Additionally, the team continues to deliver targeted life cycle management, which extends the life and the value of existing brands, helping to stabilize and protect the core. Total innovation sales in 2024 is expected to be $350 million to $400 million before the potential upside from our three late-stage pipeline assets, putting us well on track to deliver the $600 million to $700 million of innovation sales by 2025.
Finally, 2023 marked significant progress in our early stage portfolio, with a number of promising assets in our next wave expected to drive growth in the second half of the decade. A special credit to Ellen de Brabander and her global R&D and regulatory team as they've really set Elanco up to deliver significant high-impact innovation in major markets for the years ahead. Before I cover our outlook for 2024 on Slide 8, I want to briefly discuss the announcement we made earlier this month to sell our aqua business for approximately $1.3 billion. This decision was a result of a strategic process that started about a year ago as we evaluated the expected growth drivers of our business in the future.
We saw the opportunity to focus our investment in larger markets with greater earnings potential, namely pet health and livestock sustainability, which are aligned with our pipeline efforts. We expect the transaction to close around midyear. Importantly, with over $1 billion of expected proceeds from this transaction, combined with improved free cash flow from the business, we expect to accelerate debt paydown. We are deeply grateful to our aqua team's dedication to delivering to our customers, as well as our bigger purpose of enriching lives with animal protein.
Now, moving to our outlook for 2024 on Slide 9. As we begin the year, we remain confident in the resilient underlying demand for animal care. Our outlook for the animal health market reflects underlying tailwinds from the humanization of pets and global protein demand, balanced by economic conditions impacting consumers, cyclical and profitability factors in livestock, and the macroeconomic and political tensions around the world. Despite this, we believe Elanco is uniquely well-suited for growth this year.
Our innovation expectations, our investment in key capabilities, our restructuring actions, the experienced team, and differentiated omnichannel strategy contribute to this confidence. For the full year 2024, we expect 1% to 3% constant currency revenue growth. This includes price growth of approximately 3% and incremental innovation revenue contribution of at least 2% to 3%. Headwinds on our year-over-year core volumes are expected to lessen sequentially as we stabilize our base business through improved execution and lapping as well some regulatory and macroeconomic challenges last year.
Importantly, our guidance includes the aqua business for the full year, but it excludes the contribution from our three late-stage products currently under regulatory review with the FDA. We plan to update our expectations in line with our quarterly cadence to account for the transaction close and product approvals. This year, we expect revenue growth in both pet health and farm animal. For pet health, we see value drivers across all parts of our omnichannel strategy.
Improved supply and innovation, led by CPMA and AdTab are expected to be tailwinds. Our overall SG&A is increasing in 2024 as we reallocate investment from other parts of the business into our pet health portfolio. As part of this, we have expanded our U.S. field force, increased investment and efforts with our corporate groups, and are shifting resources in our international business to support improved share of voice.
Importantly, this increased investment will be front-half loaded as we increase promotional investments behind our market-leading retail OTC parasiticide business during the Northern Hemisphere flea and tick season. On the retail side, we've expanded physical availability in new channels like club and dollar and within the existing channels like mass, pet specialty, and grocery. These efforts in both the U.S. and Europe, paired with enhanced brand activations, are expected to drive increased awareness.
Overall, our pet health business is set up for improved performance and growth in 2024, even ahead of our anticipated new products in parasiticide and dermatology. Moving to farm animal. We also expect growth for this business globally, with innovation and price offsetting market challenges and generic pressure. We expect poultry and cattle to remain growth drivers.
The livestock sustainability market continues to develop, and the functionality of the carbon credit marketplace has been validated. We look toward the Bovaer approval as a catalyst for further expansion. The durability and the diversity of our global farm animal business is well-positioned for both revenue and market share growth in 2024. With that, I'll turn it over to Todd.
Todd Young -- Chief Financial Officer
Thank you, Jeff, and good morning, everyone. I will focus my comments on our fourth quarter and full year adjusted measures, so please refer to today's earnings press release for a detailed description of the year-over-year changes in our reported results. Starting on Slide 11. In the fourth quarter, revenue was $1.035 billion, a 5% increase, with price growing 3%.
Slides 12 and 13 break down our revenue performance in the quarter by price, rate, and volume, as well as species and region. For pet health globally, we declined 1% in constant currency in the quarter. Our U.S. business declined 5% as competitive pressure in the veterinary clinic was partially offset by innovation revenue, increased price, and an improved retail inventory situation compared to the reduced purchasing we experienced in the fourth quarter of last year.
Our international pet health business grew 4% in constant currency, primarily driven by the economic rebound in Europe compared to the back half of last year and innovation revenue, partially offset by soft market dynamics in several Asian countries. Globally, sales of Seresto grew 25% in the quarter, driven by the U.S., which implemented a lower list price starting in December to maximize elasticity of the brand, and the rebound in Europe I just described. The Advantage family sales declined 8% in the quarter, primarily driven by international markets. Both products benefited from the improved retail inventory situation in the U.S.
in the quarter compared to last year. Shifting to farm animal. Global revenue grew 10% in constant currency in the fourth quarter. As anticipated in our November guidance, U.S.
farm animal growth was driven by a resupply for cattle vaccines, strong Experior growth, and favorable timing of poultry rotations. While we expect the U.S. farm animal to have a strong quarter, the 28% growth was significantly higher than we expected, which is the key contributor to us delivering above the top end of our revenue guidance. Solid international farm animal growth of 3% was driven by continued strength in international poultry.
Continuing down the income statement on Slide 14, gross margin decreased 440 basis points to 50.1%. The decline was driven by an approximate 150-basis-point headwind from slowing manufacturing output as we work to reduce balance sheet inventory, as well as unfavorable manufacturing performance, including higher-than-expected inflation on certain key inputs; and higher affiliate expenses, including a recently implemented higher import duty rate in Argentina, partially offset by improved price. Operating expenses declined 3% year over year in the quarter. R&D expenses were largely in line year over year, while SG&A declined 3%, driven by disciplined cost management across the business and savings from completing our systems integration, partially offset by higher employee-related expenses.
Moving to Slide 15 where we bridge adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EPS to our guidance from November. Adjusted EBITDA was $165 million in the quarter. Along with the gross margin headwinds from unfavorable mix and manufacturing performance, this was adversely impacted by approximately $18 million of unexpected items, primarily related to Argentina. Adjusted earnings per share was $0.08 in the quarter.
Our adjusted effective tax rate in the fourth quarter was 39.7%, primarily as a result of unfavorable return-to-provision adjustments, partially offset by the benefit of certain refundable state income tax credits. On Slide 16, I'll provide a few comments on our 2023 full year performance. We delivered just over $4.4 billion in sales, with 1% constant currency growth, driven by improved price, adoption of new products, and strengthened international poultry. These were partially offset by competitive pressure in the U.S.
vet clinic, a soft European economic environment in the first half of last year, and generic pressure and changes in regulatory requirements in the U.S. farm business. On Slides 27 to 28, we provided additional revenue breakdowns, including by top affiliates and certain products. Continuing down the P&L, gross margin was 56.3%, a decrease of 30 basis points compared to last year.
The impact of slowing down manufacturing output and inflation was partially offset by improved price. These factors, combined with a 2% increase in operating expenses and the fourth quarter impact of the devaluation in duty rate in Argentina, resulted in adjusted EBITDA of $979 million for the full year. Adjusted earnings per share was $0.89, compared to $1.11 last year, with $0.14 coming from higher interest expense and tax. Our non-GAAP tax rate increased from 17.7% in 2022 to 22.3% in 2023, primarily driven by the items I described impacting the fourth quarter.
Before moving to our 2024 guidance, let me offer a few words on our cash, debt, and working capital on Slide 18. Operating cash flow was $271 million for the full year and $157 million in the fourth quarter. The year-over-year increase in the fourth quarter reflects improved net working capital performance, specifically on inventory and receivables, partially offset by higher cash interest costs. We ended the year with net debt of $5.472 billion and a net leverage ratio at 5.6 times.
We reduced gross debt by $76 million for the full year, exceeding our November expectations of $50 million. In a moment, I'll touch on our expectations for debt paydown in 2024 and the factors improving our cash outlook. Now, let's move to our 2024 financial guidance, starting on Slide 20. As Jeff mentioned, today's guidance includes full year contribution from our aqua business but excludes contribution from our three key late-stage pipeline assets: Credelio Quattro, Zenrelia, and Bovaer.
We will update our guidance throughout the year to reflect evolution on both topics. For the year, we expect revenue to be between $4.45 billion and $4.54 billion or approximately 1% to 3% constant currency growth. We expect innovation to contribute $350 million to $400 million or $75 million to $125 million of growth year over year. Credelio Quattro, Zenrelia, and Bovaer would increase this range.
And regardless of timing, once launched, we expect these products to be accretive to EBITDA in 2024. Additionally, we expect a revenue headwind of approximately $50 million as a result of strategic choices to change our distribution model, primarily in Argentina; exit low-margin distribution agreements; and the continued phase-out of contract manufacturing agreements. Gross margin is expected to decline slightly in 2024 as benefits from revenue growth will be more than offset by the impact of actions we are taking to slow down our manufacturing output to reduce balance sheet inventory and improve net working capital. The headwinds experienced in the second half of 2023 related to this and certain increased operating costs are expected to continue in the first half of the year, improving in the third quarter, and shifting to a tailwind in the fourth quarter.
Operating expenses are expected to increase 2% to 4% in 2024, driven by increased employee-related expenses and investment in commercial capabilities to support our pet health business. The increase is expected to be partially offset by reduced expenses, primarily in the second half of the year, from the restructuring we announced this morning, taking advantage of efficiencies resulting from our ERP system consolidation and reallocating resources to the business areas and countries with ability to generate greater earnings potential over time. For adjusted EBITDA, we expect $960 million to $1.01 billion. We anticipate adjusted EPS of $0.87 to $0.95.
Given the cadence of dynamics in gross margin and operating expenses, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EPS are expected to decline in the first half of the year and increase in the second half of the year. Slide 22 provides year-over-year bridges for adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EPS, and Slide 32 in the appendix provides a number of additional assumptions to help support your modeling efforts. On Slide 23, we share our first quarter 2024 guidance. We expect revenue of $1.16 billion to $1.185 billion, adjusted EBITDA of $255 million to $275 million, and adjusted EPS of $0.25 to $0.28.
As a reminder, as a result of our ERP system blackout in 2023, approximately $100 million of revenue, $80 million of adjusted EBITDA, and $0.13 of adjusted EPS shifted into the first quarter from the second quarter. In addition to the manufacturing headwinds discussed above impacting the first quarter, we are also increasing our investments in pet health with both the U.S. sales force expansion and the increase in promotional investments behind our retail OTC products. Given the timing of the Northern Hemisphere flea and tick season, we are making these investments starting in Q1, which will be in advance of the savings we expect to realize from the restructuring we announced this morning.
Finally, I'll share a few comments on our cash and balance sheet expectations for 2024 on Slide 25. We expect meaningful improvement in free cash flow conversion with $280 million to $320 million available for debt paydown, about four times more than our $76 million in 2023. The improvement is driven by reduced project costs, most notably moving past our ERP system implementation, plus lower cash interest and improved net working capital from our inventory efforts, offset by slightly higher capex to support new launches. Using the same assumptions for innovation and the aqua transaction as we did with the P&L, at year-end 2024, we expect the net leverage ratio to be between 5.2 and 5.5 times.
With the anticipated $1.05 billion to $1.1 billion in net proceeds from the aqua transaction, we expect to reduce our net leverage to the mid-four range by year-end. Now, I'll hand it back to Jeff for closing comments.
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Thanks, Todd. As we enter our 70th year as a company and as the longest-standing brand in animal health, we are humbled by the opportunity to serve our customers around the globe: the farmers, veterinarians and pet owners, and the animals in their care. As we enter 2024, we are laser-focused on three priorities: sustained revenue growth, innovation, and improved cash conversion. Importantly, this management team is taking disciplined, decisive actions to improve our earnings potential and leverage profile over time, as evidenced by the sale of our aqua business for over $1 billion of net proceeds, the restructuring announced today to reallocate resources to higher value-creation areas, our investment in expanding our U.S.
pet health field force to enhance share of voice and maximize innovation in our highest-margin business area, and our focused efforts to manage manufacturing throughput to improve net working capital performance while investing to support the launch of differentiated products in years to come. These are difficult but the right decisions. We are executing on our IPP strategy. Our investments, our improved capabilities, and experienced team delivered a return to top-line growth in 2023, and that growth will continue in 2024.
We are encouraged by our strong pipeline and the next wave of innovation, which we expect to fuel long-term sustainable growth for Elanco. With that, I'll turn it over to Katy to moderate the Q&A.
Katy Grissom -- Head of Investor Relations
Thanks, Jeff. We'd like to take questions from as many callers as possible, so we ask that you limit yourself to one question and one follow-up. Operator, please provide the instructions for the Q&A session, and then we'll take the first caller.
Questions & Answers:
Operator
Thank you. [Operator instructions] Your first question comes from the line of Jon Block from Stifel. Please go ahead.
Jon Block -- Stifel Financial Corp. -- Analyst
Thanks, guys, and good morning. Jeff, you know, it's good to see the filings that you mentioned for Zenrelia OUS. Any thoughts -- high-level thoughts on the approval timelines for EU, U.K., and Australia? You know, when you look at one of your competitors, I believe, you know, it's actually about 40% of worldwide [Inaudible] revenues outside the United States is where it actually resides. So, certainly, it seems like a material opportunity.
Any more color on potential approval timelines OUS?
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Thanks, Jon. Yeah, we've made a lot of progress and would say that Zenrelia will be the fastest product in the history of Elanco in globalizing the major innovation. So, nine major markets we made submissions in.
And it's very similar, I think, to the U.S. on the -- on these submissions or final submissions, in the case, of about a year. It varies from Japan to Australia to Europe. But if you figure that, we count on this being in an early 2025 mode when we would start to get these approvals.
Jon Block -- Stifel Financial Corp. -- Analyst
Got it. Helpful. And then for the second question, might be a little bit of a two-parter, but my thought was that the ADUFA date for Zenrelia was in February. And, Jeff, can you discuss any high-level thoughts on, you know, what still remains to get done after any interaction with the agency? Do you have increased conviction with Zenrelia in 1H '24 approval timeline? And, Todd, quickly, just to pivot, you know, the 2024 GM is being down.
Arguably, that's off of sort of a lower number where people's heads were at, you know, a couple of months ago. How do we think about the cadence of GMs for you guys? Usually, you have the benefit from parasiticides in 1H, but at the same time, you're trying to slow the plant and that's going to be a headwind. So, any thoughts around GM cadence throughout '24? Thanks, guys.
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Jon. No update today on the Zenrelia timeline. We continue really with no change in terms of just a very productive dialogue with the FDA. We believe that, you know, market adoption, as we know, will be driven on value and execution.
But again, the dialogue with the FDA is going well. No change. When there is change, of course, we'll be announcing, you know, approval. And if there's any change to that, we'll let you know.
So, no change at all.
Todd Young -- Chief Financial Officer
Jon, thanks for the question on gross margin. As you know, for the full year, we expect gross margin to be, you know, pretty close to the same in '24 as '23. The cadence of that will be a little different. We'll still have higher gross margins in the first half of the year, but just not as high as we would have had last year because of the plant slowdowns.
And so, it's a, you know, first half of the year slightly lower than last year, Q3 becomes pretty much in line, and then Q4 we get a tailwind as we started to slow down the plants during Q3 of '23 such that, you know, we don't have that same headwind in the fourth quarter of '24.
Katy Grissom -- Head of Investor Relations
Thanks. Next caller.
Jon Block -- Stifel Financial Corp. -- Analyst
Thank you.
Katy Grissom -- Head of Investor Relations
Thanks, Jon.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Erin Wright from Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead.
Erin Wright -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Great. Thanks. Another one on Zenrelia. Can you talk a little bit about the latest thoughts on your go-to-market strategy for Zenrelia, your thoughts on differentiation of the product, you know, leveraging distribution, price, how you can leverage also your positioning in the online channels just given that this is a significant category for the online channel as well? Thanks.
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Thanks, Erin, and thanks for the focus from you and Jon. As you know, we're excited about entering the derm market. It will be a new market for us.
We've got Zenrelia, followed by our IL-31 short-acting, both of these being differentiated assets. And our next wave of innovation that Ellen has made a lot of progress on and her team this year and bringing more products into development into our pipeline in derm, they'll be added assets. So, this is a market we're going to be in and be, you know, a key player in in the decade. So -- and, you know, I think we come back consistently as we look at this market and see that, you know, there's still a lot of unmedicalized dogs that are, you know, leaving vets without being treated.
There's a strong desire for more choice by vets and pet owners. And these fundamentals, we believe, matter. That this is a market that wants choice. And it's globalizing, as Jon just referenced as well.
So, you know, I would emphasize that we continue to feel strongly that, you know, our differentiation is going to be -- is key as well. When you look at how we're going to launch this product, maybe just a couple of points. First of all, we keep coming back to the two most important pillars: our value and then execution. So, value gets around the differentiation in the product, the product itself, the portfolio that it's going to be in.
And then as you look at execution, you know, the first thing that we really focused on, Erin, was getting the share of voice, you know, at a level that can be extremely competitive. And we believe we're there now. We've got this sales force in place out there selling parvo, preparing. And, you know, we need to create share of voice high enough to create awareness at the vet clinic so that when the product, you know, gets into the market, that vet, you know, clinic is aware, and then we will start to turn up additional factors like digital and DTC.
So, that's going to be the staged approach. We're still looking at distribution. The great news is we've got lots more options with distribution given our ERP setup. We will intend to price to value and focus -- you know, we believe innovation will be rewarded and differentiation will be rewarded.
So, we will focus on a value-based pricing approach relative to our differentiation. And I think the last thing is, you know, what derm does with us now is it adds kind of the fourth pillar. We've got para, we've got therapy, and we've got the vaccines. And we think as we look at, you know, corporates and other vet clinics, other segments, that fourth pillar we have in derm and that total portfolio is going to give us an advantage.
And that'll be a key part of our launch strategy as well, Erin. Thank you.
Erin Wright -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
OK. Thanks. And then just on restructuring and the bigger picture around the sale of aqua, too, and are you just continuing to evaluate other parts of your businesses here or what other segments could you evaluate as potential divestitures?
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Maybe just a comment here. Here's how we're looking at it. I mean, you know, we are concentrating our focus, let me be very clear, on pet health and livestock sustainability.
And both of these decisions, both the sale of our aqua business and the restructuring we announced today, is all around creating enough resources to win and align to our pipeline in these bigger markets with greater earnings potential with these large blockbuster differentiated assets that we have. We have no intention of, you know, making any more strategic decisions here relative to other segments. Really, I would highlight coming to the restructuring, you know, we're doing really three things, as my comments, you know, that I made this morning. We're shifting resources, you know, into these markets: pet health and livestock, you know, sustainability.
Think like in Europe, we're going to move to a much more of a B2B approach in pigs and put a lot more resources in pets. Second is we're going to capitalize on this ERP implementation that's now done and concentrate roles in strategic areas. And then lastly and importantly is we're going to transition our business model, you know, in nonstrategic markets like Argentina. We've got about 90 countries we're in.
About 45 of them, we're in with people. And we're moving some additional markets like Argentina into what we're doing in the other 45, which is using a distribution model. So, all of this allows us, you know, more resources that we can double down on these big areas: pet health and livestock sustainability.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Michael Ryskin from Bank of America Securities. Please go ahead.
Mike Ryskin -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Great. Thanks for taking the question. Can you guys hear me?
Katy Grissom -- Head of Investor Relations
Yes.
Todd Young -- Chief Financial Officer
Yes.
Mike Ryskin -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
OK. Great. Thanks, guys. So, first, I want to clarify a question on the guide for you, Todd.
I think you're really clear that the revenues from the Zenrelia, Credelio Quattro, and Bovaer are not included in the guide. But I want to be clear on how much of the cost is because from an opex perspective, obviously, the expansion of the commercial sales force, things like that, you've already put that in place. That's already in numbers as it is. But what about incremental spend as the products get approved? So, let's say they get approved, let's say they go to market and you do put some of that digital and DTC spend behind it in the second half of this year, is that already included in the opex numbers or would that also be incremental just like the revenues?
Todd Young -- Chief Financial Officer
So, Mike, those will also be incremental, but what we did say in the prepared remarks is that we expect it to be accretive to EBITDA. So, the EBITDA guidance you have will get better with the launch of the big three.
Mike Ryskin -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Got it. OK. No, that's helpful. I just want to get that clarification on like, you know, how the model would change as a product gets approved, so I appreciate that.
And then a follow-up question on -- again, on the guide for '24. I think you talked about 3% price to revenues, about 2% to 3% from existing innovation, so from, you know, regular Credelio and Galliprant, things like that. But, you know, 2% total business current constant currency, so volumes, another year of down volumes. Could you break that again into what you're expecting from end market versus specific headwinds, you know, to the legacy portfolio or maybe headwinds for competition? Just help us sort of deconvolute the volume expectations for '24 a little bit.
Thanks.
Todd Young -- Chief Financial Officer
Sure, Mike. You know, we do expect volumes down in 2024. Volumes were down in 2023, but less than they were in 2022. Some of this is just the competition inside the vet clinic that we've called out previously.
You'll see Trifexis declined 21% in '23. It's down to being, you know, about 82 million in total revenues. It's still a big product for us, but one that we just know has greater competition there. You'll also see, you know, both Seresto and Advantage family were down last year.
Again, that's -- a lot of that's in the vet clinic. The retail side of our business in the U.S. grew double digits. It was really strong as Bobby and his team got more points of distribution, more physical availability, the share of voice, and all of the work they're doing.
So, some of the volumes are that legacy. You know, Experior ramp is great. As you know, that generally takes out Optaflexx, which is a different part of the portfolio, and so that impacts volumes as Experior ramps. So, overall, you know, we continue to feel very good about the sales momentum we have, the acceleration in '23 versus '22.
And so, as we move forward, we have that. There's also an impact from these different countries on volume as we exit some of the low-margin distribution and flip, you know, Argentina and a few other markets to using a third-party distributor versus our own internal people on the ground.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Balaji Prasad from Barclays. Please go ahead.
Balaji Prasad -- Barclays -- Analyst
Hi. Good morning and thanks for the question. Firstly, with regard to the decline in pet health in 4Q and outlook, so you spoke about competitive pressure in veterinary clinics. Can you help us understand if this is transient or otherwise? Is it driven by new launches from competitors or are there some other factors at work? Also, on 2024, as you speak, you're enhancing the sales force.
Could you quantify the sales force add and do you think you'll be adequately staffed to support the new launches? Thank you.
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Thank you very much. Yeah, you know, at the highest level, just on the U.S. pet, you know, and I would step back and say we made a lot of progress in U.S.
pet overall. And at the highest level, I think our -- we're much more competitive today. We've seen significant improvement in our overall engagement, our team. And I think the strategy is working that Todd just highlighted in terms of share of voice, physical availability, you know, innovation, and price.
So, we're much more, you know, competitive as an organization today. And, you know, 2023 was a strong year. If you step back and look, it was -- you know, we saw an 8-point improvement sequentially from down minus 9 in 2022 to minus 1 overall. And I see this from the standpoint of stronger portfolios, more share of voice, a stronger team.
We've changed incentives for the sales force. And our -- just our overall portfolio is stronger when you start adding Bexacat, you know, Zorbium, and now, parvo. And parvo is opening a lot of doors for the vet clinic. So, as we step back, there's no question, we're set up and we see nice growth coming ahead of, you know, our total global pet health business and farm animal business both contributing to growth in 2024.
No question, the competitiveness in the vet clinic in the U.S. is high. I mean, without question. I would say there's a few factors that we would note is, you know, there's always the seasonality and weather factors.
There's some economics we've seen more on the retail side where there's some trade down and, you know, the competitive pressure inside the vet clinic. I think we're well-positioned as we're bringing innovation, as we're -- you know, there's an anticipation of these blockbusters that are coming, and our omnichannel approach. Being able to have the retail business complementing the vet clinic business, you know, we're probably better indexed relative to those vet visits than most companies.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Umer Raffat from Evercore ISI. Please go ahead.
Umer Raffat -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Hi, guys. Thanks for taking my question. Just two here, if I may. First, there's some language on distribution model changes.
Could you just confirm there's no changes in distributor strategy in the U.S. and nor are there any payment term extensions in the U.S. for 2024? And then secondly, on your -- heading into your sort of Quattro launch, there's some feedback that Zoetis is starting to pre-empt that potentially by making free tapeworm treatments available in case a dog does contract tapeworms. How are you thinking about that relative to your differentiation and expectations for launch?
Todd Young -- Chief Financial Officer
Well, let me take the first one, Umer, and I'll pass it over to Jeff on tapeworm. So, with respect to distribution, we're really speaking, in this case, to like Argentina. As Jeff mentioned, we're in 90 countries in total, with people on the ground in about 45. Those other countries, we use distributors to take our products to market and we just sell to them.
So, that's what we're speaking to. With respect to the U.S., we are bringing some bear products into the U.S. distribution channel. It's reflected in the guidance.
It's not material. But with our system consolidation, we're able to, you know, now be more efficient and do it one way versus having two different models that we've been running the last few years. Jeff, on --
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Thanks, Umer. Yeah, we're excited about Credelio Quattro. And again, no update.
The timeline continues. We continue to have productive dialogue with the FDA. You know, I think I would just back up and just make a couple comments. I think we know parasiticides is really an uninvolved category for pet parents and vets.
You know, vet recommendation is key. So, I come back to the core strategy which is, you know, making sure share of voice is high and noted, yes, we've added our 75 reps. They've got experience or in the field right now, and, you know, they're trained, and they're adding value, as we speak, selling parvo and other products. So, we've got the share of voice.
And then the second is yes, differentiation. And, you know, we believe there's, you know, a few fundamentals that are key as you look at differentiation. You know, one is broader coverage is always better and full solutions are, you know, definitely preferred by the veterinarian. The second is diagnostics that can match the disease, and there's evidence today and with increased diagnostics from Idexx and others around tapeworm that this concern is there and it's a zoonotic concern as well.
So, I think that's, you know, second. And with more people and more focus both on the diagnostic side and the animal health side, the awareness is higher. That usually leads to more prevalence. And I think the last trend is zoonotic concerns, Umer, continue to be there, especially after COVID.
And, you know, specific to tapeworms, look, one common tapeworm is transmitted by fleas, but there's many tapeworms, you know, relevant to domestic dogs and have the potential to carry tapeworms, and that's, you know, a serious disease impact. So, we always say that, you know, if all else is equal, why wouldn't you use a product with more coverage? So, that's our approach. Again, we've got the right teams in place preparing for the launch, we've had a long history in parasiticides with the broadest portfolio in and outside the vet, and we're excited to be bringing Quattro to the market.
Todd Young -- Chief Financial Officer
And just one thing, Umer, on your payment terms, payment terms generally stay the same. We're always different things with different customers. But, you know, overall, accounts receivables was a big inflow of cash in Q4 as we had strong operating cash flow performance relative to previous quarters, and a lot of that was just the work done by our teams around the globe to collect cash and really focus with, you know, our one system to get after ARR in a better way.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Glen Santangelo from Jefferies. Please go ahead.
Glen Santangelo -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Hi. Yeah, thanks for taking my question. Just just two quick ones for me. You know, I just wanted to follow up on the competitive pressure in the vet clinic.
It sounds like you're certainly making some progress, and I'm just kind of curious about your confidence in the ability to take those 3% price increases this year that you're forecasting, you know, in the guidance? Have you taken those already and has there been any pushback as far as those are concerned?
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. First of all, Glen, thank you for the coverage and joining the interest in research on Elanco. Yeah, so absolutely, there's -- the competitive pressure is there. I would believe, as I've said, we're in a much stronger position with stronger teams, stronger portfolio, and I think a lot of the tactics that we're doing relative to this.
And I think, you know, the anticipation of our innovation as well, Glen, really creates, you know, partnerships with distributors, corporate clinics, and others. It's opened a lot more doors, which has been, you know, strong. And I would say, even the introduction -- an example of proofpoint. If you point to the introduction of the latest broad spectrum parasiticide, what we're actually seeing is really, you know, more shake -- share taken within those and actually less share compared to other competitive launches taken from us.
And I think that shows our differentiation, our segmentation, digital, all these things are working. So, we're set up well. And relative to price, you know, we've continued to, you know, execute price in a very value-based way, and, you know, more innovation always allows us to bring those prices. And we've not seen, you know, a pushback on price and continue to see strong resilience for, you know, the market and a lot of interest in adoption from the vet side of our products and our portfolio.
Glen Santangelo -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Perfect. Maybe I can just ask one revenue follow-up here. I'm just trying to, you know, triangulate your comments on innovation sales in 2025. And I appreciate you don't want to talk about 2025 at this point, but you're sort of guiding people to 600 million to 700 million of sales from new innovation products.
And if I sort of, you know back out, you know, what you've done so far in '23 and what you're expecting in '24, is it fair to say that we can sort of triangulate what you're sort of talking about with respect to the three pending launches?
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yes. We have, again, been very consistent to the commitment of 600 million to 700 million. It isn't all exact math. As you do see, as Todd has referenced, you know, you're going to have Experior climb and you're going to have some, you know, overlap in products that come out such as an Optaflexx.
So -- but, yes, as you -- we start to guide to the, you know, 350 million, 400 million this year before the new products. Then with the launches of the new products and our IL-31 that we have coming in 2025, those products will contribute. And yes, we -- we're staying and feel very confident in our commitment of the 600 million to 700 million by the end of '25. That is correct.
Operator
Your next question comes from Chris Schott from J.P. Morgan. Please go ahead.
Chris Schott -- JPMorgan Chase and Company -- Analyst
Great. Thanks so much. Just two questions for me. Maybe first, just the parvo opportunity in 2024, just any additional color of how much inventory you have this year and how big of a product that could become? And maybe just as you think about longer term with that, just update us on the ex-U.S.
opportunity for parvo? And then my second question was just on gross margins. Just any color you can provide on how much some of these inventory and manufacturing slowdown actions are having on gross margins in 2024. I'm really trying to get some color on what the underlying trends are as we start to think about kind of beyond this year of where gross margins can go. Thanks so much.
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Thanks, Chris, for the question on parvo. I'll take that one first. It did land in line with our expectations in the quarter.
But the bigger news is yes, we demonstrated the ability to scale our 2,000 liter, which gives us confidence that we've got the capacity and the supply to really go into the marketplace full force. And we're doing that with our new sales force right now. The product is performing well. That's very important.
I think another important note, Chris, is the product is already in about 3,300 clinics and more so with the general practitioners, which demonstrates that, you know, there's -- this is out there, there's prevalence, and many clinics are seeing this. Seventy-three percent of the adoption of those clinics is in general practitioners. You know, 12% or so is in the shelter market. So, we see the uptake.
Initially, we're seeing reorders as well. So, we see this product being a key contributor to growth and a real step up this year. And then yes, we would -- and we've launched also -- just to highlight, we've launched a pretty significant defender campaign to really drive, you know, just awareness of parvo. We -- you know, our -- right out of the gate, we've got about 1.2 billion impressions in a social media marketing campaign that we're doing.
We've set a charge with the vet clinic industry and a pledge to save a million puppies by the end of the decade. So, all of that, I think, is just creating awareness, strong marketing, more share of voice. And then yes, the next thing is we are starting to target key markets internationally where we can actually bring that product in that where there's a higher prevalence of parvo. And that may not be always the typical just European market.
There are, you know, other emerging markets as well with higher parvo. And we see a blockbuster here potential as we globalize the product. So, off to a good start. We'll definitely be updating you quarter to quarter on some of the key metrics and the adoption.
Todd Young -- Chief Financial Officer
Chris, with respect to the manufacturing slowdown, embedded in our guidance for 2024 is a 150-basis-point to 170-basis-point headwind from those plant slowdowns.
Operator
Your next question comes from Steve Scala from TD Cowen. Please go ahead.
Unknown speaker
Hi. This is Chris on for Steve. Thanks for taking our questions. We had two.
First, on the new launches, are there any other gating factors for U.S. launch post-FDA approval like state-level approvals, building inventory, or contracting with distributors? And then second, on the U.S. sales force, what sort of initial feedback have you received and has that had any positive impact on the positioning of the company's current portfolio? Thank you.
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Thanks, Chris. Real quick. As we've noted here on gating factors, we expect that, upon approval, there's typically a couple of months before actually, you know, there is a launch, and that's driven heavily by manufacturing, packaging, labeling, and that's the typical gating factor.
And then, you know, a lot of positive feedback. We had a tremendous interest and many, many applications and believe we selected a very experienced strong sales force. And actually, the transition has gone faster. And we don't believe the distraction factor may be as high as we expected, and we're looking forward to that sales force with that added investment in the first half to help us ramp our existing sales here in the first half.
Operator
Your next question comes from the line of Navann Ty from BNP Paribas. Please go ahead.
Navann Ty -- Exane BNP Paribas -- Analyst
Hi. Good morning. Thanks for taking my questions. My first one is you touched base on pricing for Zenrelia.
Are you able to expand on general pricing strategy versus potential differentiation for Quattro, Bovaer, and Zenrelia? And my second question is just a clarification. Does EPS guidance reflects the lower interest expenses resulting from the aqua sale? Thank you.
Todd Young -- Chief Financial Officer
Let me take the first one, Navann, and welcome back to coverage. We have not reduced interest expense in our guidance for the aqua sale. So, that's -- that interest expense is as if aqua sale doesn't happen. So, we'll update all the guidance for aqua post-conclusion of that sale on the quarterly call.
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah, Navann. On all of our products, actually, we see the future blockbusters with the differentiation, with our portfolio, you know, we intend to price for value. We see this in past innovations that have been launched, and we believe that innovation will be rewarded, and that will be part of our offering.
Navann Ty -- Exane BNP Paribas -- Analyst
So, can I --
Operator
Your next question --
Katy Grissom -- Head of Investor Relations
Yeah, we'll take the next caller, please.
Operator
Your next question comes from Nathan Rich from Goldman Sachs. Please go ahead.
Nate Rich -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Great. Thanks for the questions. Just a few quick ones at the end here. So, Todd, you highlighted the 20 million to 25 million investment in pet health in the first quarter.
Could you give us a rough split between what's related to the field force expansion versus what might be promotional dollars focused on parasiticides, just as we think about maybe what the underlying kind of expense base goes up in 2024? And then on the OTC growth for '24, anything more specific you could share on your expectations for Advantage and Seresto this year? And then lastly, Jeff, maybe just going back to your comments on having that kind of full or more innovative portfolio in pet health with derm and parvo, could you maybe talk about what that means in the market and the flexibility that gives you? Is that better access to corporate accounts, the ability to use volume discounts? Just any additional color there would be great.
Todd Young -- Chief Financial Officer
Sure, Nate. Thanks for the question. Yes, there's about -- the total investment for the sales force is about 20 million on a full year basis. So, you know, essentially, that's pretty -- given it's people, it's pretty standard over the course of the year, so about 5 in Q1.
And then, the investments in pet health are really about the promotional spend. And a lot of that is to drive AdTab, which we're excited about. That's the first oral parasiticide in the OTC markets in Europe. And, you know, part of our, you know, kind of oddity of first half, second half is the restructuring we announced today, that's going to provide a lot of savings that we're using to fund these incremental investments behind big opportunities.
But that savings is more second-half loaded where with the Northern Hemisphere parasiticide season, we really have got to make the investments in the first half to drive the uptake of those products. With respect to Seresto and A family, you know, we're not guiding by product today. But, you know, overall, you know, we are feeling good about the positioning of those in retail. And that's a big place where we have leadership and we expect that leadership to continue.
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. And then relative to just the overall portfolio, I would say, no matter the segment, when you, you know, enter a clinic and have all four dimensions that I just mentioned, and derm will be the new one for us, it really puts us in a unique position as, you know, the next company to be able to do that. And that just gives that optionality to the vet. And we'll be looking at that against all segments.
But I do think that will be a major factor and a major differentiator to most of the major animal health companies to be able to have the breadth of the portfolio that we do have with the derm addition.
Katy Grissom -- Head of Investor Relations
Thanks. We'll take the last caller.
Operator
Your last question today comes from Brandon Vazquez from William Blair. Please go ahead.
Brandon Vazquez -- William Blair and Company -- Analyst
Hey, everyone. Thanks for taking the questions, sneaking me in. Can I just ask one -- I'll ask two upfront here. First, on the FDA conversations that you guys are having, I guess, as you get closer to an approval here in first half '24 that you're reiterating, I think maybe I would have expected you could give a little bit more confidence or a little narrowing of the time frame.
So, am I -- one, am I overreading that? Is there anything going on in conversations? Do you guys feel more confident as you're going through these discussions? And then maybe the second one is just highlight a key -- a couple of key products within innovation, that bucket, that are driving growth into '24. Thank you.
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Yeah. Let me take this second one first. You know, there's no question and we're excited about Experior. Experior exceeded our 70 million run rate.
It ended the year at 54 million. And with that growth and that trajectory, we see -- and a shortage of cattle numbers, Experior plays into all of that relative to the value proposition. So -- and then of course, parvo will be a driver. One we, you know, don't talk as much about, but with this restructuring, we're really adding significant investment in AdTab in Europe that had a good strong finish to the year.
So, those would be the three keys that I would point to. And then look, Brandon, I wouldn't read into anything. We're -- you know, our confidence remains. Our confidence in the differentiation remains.
These are great assets. Our regulatory team is doing a great job, and we're in a very proactive, productive dialogue with the CVM. And we'll update you if anything does change.
Operator
Thank you, ladies and gentlemen. I will now turn the conference over to Jeff Simmons for closing remarks.
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
I know we're on time here, but I just want to say to everybody thank you for the time. I think 2023, the second half, really marks progress and momentum. Two quarters at 5% constant currency growth. We doubled our innovation.
We, you know, increased our debt paydown beyond our expectations. And as you look to '24, the priorities remain the same: sustained growth on the top line, innovation and bringing innovation forward, and cash. And against all of those metrics, we have, inside the guide, you know, strong expectations to continue to make great progress. Thank you for your interest and your investment in Elanco.
We look forward to a very exciting year and a year with high engagement with all of you.
Operator
[Operator signoff]
Duration: 0 minutes
Call participants:
Katy Grissom -- Head of Investor Relations
Jeff Simmons -- President and Chief Executive Officer
Todd Young -- Chief Financial Officer
Jon Block -- Stifel Financial Corp. -- Analyst
Erin Wright -- Morgan Stanley -- Analyst
Mike Ryskin -- Bank of America Merrill Lynch -- Analyst
Balaji Prasad -- Barclays -- Analyst
Umer Raffat -- Evercore ISI -- Analyst
Glen Santangelo -- Jefferies -- Analyst
Chris Schott -- JPMorgan Chase and Company -- Analyst
Unknown speaker
Navann Ty -- Exane BNP Paribas -- Analyst
Nate Rich -- Goldman Sachs -- Analyst
Brandon Vazquez -- William Blair and Company -- Analyst
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